B13M20

  Concurrency and synchronization are fundamental concepts in computer science and software engineering, especially in multi-threaded and distributed systems. They deal with the management of multiple tasks or threads executing simultaneously and the coordination of their interactions to ensure correctness, consistency, and efficiency. This explanation will cover the basics of concurrency, synchronization primitives, common synchronization problems, and strategies for managing concurrent access to shared resources. Concurrency Concurrency refers to the ability of a system to execute multiple tasks or processes simultaneously, allowing for overlapping or interleaved execution of instructions. Concurrency can lead to increased system throughput, improved responsiveness, and better resource utilization. Key aspects of concurrency include: Parallelism : Concurrent tasks may execute in parallel on multiple processors or cores, taking advantage of hardware concurrency to speed up computation

  Inter-Process Communication (IPC) refers to the mechanisms and techniques used by processes to communicate and synchronize with each other in a multi-process or multi-threaded environment. IPC enables processes to exchange data, share resources, and coordinate their activities, facilitating collaboration and enabling the creation of complex systems. This explanation will cover the various IPC mechanisms, their use cases, and considerations involved in IPC. Need for Inter-Process Communication In a multi-process environment, processes often need to communicate with each other to achieve common goals, share data, or coordinate their activities. Some common scenarios where IPC is necessary include: Data Sharing : Processes may need to exchange data, such as messages, files, or shared memory regions. Synchronization : Processes may need to coordinate their actions to avoid race conditions, deadlock, or ensure mutually exclusive access to shared resources. Coordination : Processes may nee

CPU Scheduling Algorithms are fundamental components of operating systems, responsible for efficiently managing CPU resources and determining the order in which processes or threads are executed on a computer system. These algorithms play a crucial role in optimizing system performance, maximizing CPU utilization, minimizing response time, and ensuring fair resource allocation. This explanation will provide a comprehensive overview of the key CPU scheduling algorithms, their characteristics, advantages, and limitations. Basics of CPU Scheduling CPU scheduling involves selecting a process from the ready queue and allocating CPU time to it for execution. The scheduler must balance various objectives, including: CPU Utilization : Maximizing CPU usage to keep the processor busy and efficiently execute processes. Throughput : Maximizing the number of processes completed per unit of time. Response Time : Minimizing the time it takes for a process to start executing after making a request for