Optics

 optics:

1. Reflection: When light hits a smooth surface, such as a mirror, it reflects off the surface, allowing us to see our reflection.

   
   

   
   
   
   
   
   

   
   

   
   

2. Refraction: When light passes through a medium with a different refractive index, such as from air to water, the light bends, causing objects to appear distorted.

   
   

   
   
   

   
   

   
   

3. Lenses: Lenses are used to focus and bend light to form images, and are commonly found in cameras, telescopes, and eyeglasses.

   
   

   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   

   
   

4. Prism: A prism is a piece of glass or other transparent material that can split white light into its component colours, creating a rainbow effect.

   
   

   
   
   
   
   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

5. Polarization: Light waves can be polarized to vibrate in a single plane, which is used in polarized sunglasses to reduce glare.

   
   

   
   
   

   
   

   
   

6. Interference: When two or more light waves meet, they can interfere with each other, creating patterns of light and dark areas, such as in the case of diffraction gratings.

   
   

   
   
   

   
   

   
   

7. Holograms: Holograms are created using interference patterns of light to create a 3D image of an object.

   
   

   
   
   

   
   

   
   

8. Optical fibres: Optical fibres use total internal reflection to transmit light over long distances without significant loss, and are used in telecommunications and medical equipment.